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Immunology and Microbiology

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Virology

Virology

The study of viruses and viral diseases, including viral structure, replication, pathogenesis, evolution, antiviral drugs, viral vectors, and emerging viral threats to human and animal health

10 papers in this specialization

Paperzilla Papers in Virology

Neuropilin-1 Mediates SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Astrocytes in Brain Organoids, Inducing Inflammation Leading to Dysfunction and Death of Neurons

This study, primarily using lab-grown mini-brains (organoids) and cultured human astrocytes, reveals that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects brain astrocytes using a novel receptor, Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), instead of the usual ACE2. This infection triggers severe inflammation in astrocytes, leading to a hostile brain environment that causes uninfected neighboring neurons to malfunction and die.

Oct 22, 03:06 PM

Chimeric infective particles expand species boundaries in phage inducible chromosomal island mobilization

This study reveals that capsid-forming phage-inducible chromosomal islands (cf-PICIs) can release tail-less capsids containing their DNA, which then "steal" tails from different phage species. This tail piracy creates chimeric particles capable of injecting cf-PICI DNA into new bacterial species, significantly broadening cf-PICIs host range and transfer frequency.

Sep 10, 10:30 AM

Viral effectors trigger innate immunity across the tree of life

This review explores how viruses manipulate host cell pathways in similar ways across all domains of life (bacteria, plants, animals), triggering what's called "effector-triggered immunity." It highlights how viral infection disrupts key processes like transcription, protein function, and stress responses, and how these disruptions act as warning signals for the immune system.

Sep 05, 07:04 PM

Evolution of antiviral host defenses against a backdrop of endogenous retroelements

This review explores how remnants of ancient viruses embedded in our DNA (endogenous retroviruses) affect our ability to fight off new viral infections. These "viral fossils" can sometimes interfere with our immune responses, making us vulnerable, but they can also be co-opted into defense mechanisms, boosting our immunity.

Aug 16, 04:24 PM

Cross-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies with Broad Activity Against Human and Bat-Derived SARS-Related Coronaviruses

This study tested a panel of monoclonal antibodies in vitro and found several that potently neutralized a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron subvariants, as well as SARS-CoV-1 and bat coronaviruses like RaTG13 and WIV16. While the research used pseudotyped viruses and lacks in vivo data, the findings suggest potential for developing broadly effective antibody cocktails.

Aug 15, 06:50 PM

A portrait of the infected cell: how SARS-CoV-2 infection reshapes cellular processes and pathways

This review examines how SARS-CoV-2 alters cellular pathways, particularly those related to the ER, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. The virus manipulates these pathways to create a favorable environment for replication, including the formation of replication organelles and evasion of host defenses. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interplay between the virus and host and its impact on disease pathogenesis.

Aug 12, 03:00 AM

Metabolic reprogramming in viral infections: the interplay of glucose metabolism and immune responses

This review discusses the multifaceted role of glucose metabolism in viral infections, exploring how it supports both immune activation and viral replication. The interplay between immune responses, metabolic reprogramming, and various viral subtypes is highlighted, along with potential therapeutic opportunities for antiviral development.

Metabolic_reprogramming_in_viral_infections_the_in.pdf

Aug 01, 08:33 AM

Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak likely originated from a single source and belongs to clade 3. The virus exhibits accelerated evolution, potentially driven by APOBEC3-mediated genome editing, and shows signs of ongoing microevolution during human-to-human transmission.

s41591-022-01907-y.pdf

Jul 14, 10:51 AM

Role of Oral Rabies Vaccines in the Elimination of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies Deaths

This review discusses the potential of oral rabies vaccines (ORV) for dogs as a crucial tool to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies deaths, especially in resource-limited settings where traditional parenteral vaccination faces challenges. While acknowledging safety concerns and regulatory obstacles, the authors argue for the integration of ORV into vaccination campaigns, emphasizing their cost-effectiveness and ability to reach inaccessible dog populations.

Jul 14, 10:51 AM

Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated One Health approach

This study reports the successful elimination of human rabies deaths in Goa, India, through a six-year One Health program (2013-2019). The program combined mass dog vaccination, rabies education, and enhanced surveillance, leading to a 92% reduction in canine rabies cases and zero human rabies deaths in 2018 and 2019. The intervention was deemed "very cost-effective" by WHO standards.

s41467-022-30371-y.pdf

Jul 14, 10:51 AM

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