Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries
Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) pose various environmental risks due to hazardous materials like heavy metals and toxic gases. Improper disposal or recycling can lead to soil, water, and air contamination through leaching, fire, and explosions, posing a threat to both ecosystems and human health. The review highlights the need for improved recycling infrastructure, stricter regulations, and further research to address these challenges.