Effect of ICT Use, Parental Support and Student Hindering on Science Achievement: Evidence from PISA 2018
The study found that parental support and socioeconomic status positively impacted science achievement across Turkey, the USA, and South Korea, while student hindering behavior had negative effects. However, the impact of ICT use varied, showing positive effects in Turkey, negative effects in the USA, and no significant effects in South Korea. Gender's influence was only significant in Turkey, with girls outperforming boys in science.