Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review
The review examines various methods for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, including adsorption, membrane filtration, chemical treatment, electrochemical methods, and photocatalysis. Adsorption techniques are currently the most researched, but face challenges in removing diverse ion types concurrently and maintaining adsorbent stability. The review emphasizes the need for more research using real wastewater to develop eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable treatment solutions.