Limited Quantitative Analysis
The paper lacks a robust quantitative analysis. While it presents data on energy trends, it primarily relies on descriptive statistics and qualitative assessments. This limits the ability to draw strong causal inferences and makes it difficult to assess the true impact of the EU's energy transition policies.
The paper focuses on a small and potentially non-representative sample of countries (Italy, UK, Germany, and Poland). This limits the generalizability of the findings to other EU member states with different energy mixes and socioeconomic structures.
Narrow Focus on External Relations
The discussion of the external relations implications of the EU's energy transition primarily focuses on Russia. While Russia is a major energy supplier, neglecting the perspectives and roles of other countries and regions (e.g., North Africa, Middle East) provides an incomplete picture.
Superficial Treatment of Socioeconomic Challenges
The paper acknowledges potential social and economic challenges associated with the energy transition but does not delve deeply into specific policy measures or mitigation strategies. A more thorough analysis of how to address these challenges would strengthen the paper.