This paper reviewed research on numeracy, adult education and vulnerability and the intersections between these areas. The paper argued that greater attention is needed on how and where adults learn numeracy, and that numeracy education is crucial to improving the social and economic outcomes of vulnerable adults. The paper also identified several research questions needing more investigation to determine the impact of adult numeracy education on adult numeracy proficiency and practices.

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A useful survey of adult education and numeracy research which points to multiple research needs and directions in the field. The paper's arguments are timely, given the increasing interest in adult numeracy assessment in multiple policy contexts, and its inclusion in the United Nations' sustainable development goals.