The cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to establish causal relationships between variables. The findings are based on self-reported data, which can be subject to recall bias and social desirability bias. There was no objective assessment of practices in the laboratories to validate the self-reported data.

The study was conducted in two universities in Southern Italy, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other research settings and populations.

The study did not collect data on the specific types of chemicals used by each participant, making it challenging to quantify exposure levels and assess the potential health risks associated with specific chemicals. The SDS review did not take into account different levels of exposure due to the presence of engineering controls. Moreover the SDS were reviewed without considering if chemicals were diluted or not, which further limits the ability to accurately quantify exposure levels.