Female scientists are less likely to apply for research grants when the topics are less aligned with their research interests. This topic proximity fully mediates the gender gap in application rates, meaning that gender itself doesn't directly affect application rates once topic alignment is considered. Additionally, men seem to be more responsive to changes in topic proximity than women, suggesting differing sensitivities to topic alignment in application decisions.

The authors acknowledge funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2021-14189) for one of the authors, Chiara Franzoni. While this could present a potential conflict depending on the foundation's interests, the study's focus on gender disparities in grant applications and its methodological approach do not appear to directly align with any obvious bias stemming from this funding source. No other conflicts were identified.

This study offers valuable empirical insights into a less-explored aspect of the gender gap in research funding: application rates. The use of a unique dataset and innovative methodology to define potential applicants makes a significant contribution. While the limitations regarding generalizability and potential endogeneity are acknowledged, the sensitivity analyses and robust findings around topic proximity provide strong support for the conclusions. The rating of 4 reflects the study's strengths while acknowledging the need for further research to address the remaining limitations and broaden the scope of investigation.